Painting of Justina Wilson. Artist unknown; Date unknown. From the Wellcome Collection, London

Justina Wilson – Twice the Fellow

The following obituary of Justina Wilson was published in the British Medical Journal in 1950. Whilst incorrect in some minor areas and lacking in others, it nevertheless demonstrates her extraordinary physiotherapy and medical achievements, and …

The Swedish gymnastic team won the Men's Gold at the Stockholm Olympic Stadium, 1912.

Swedish Gymnastics at the Olympic Games

The Swedish gymnastics of Pehr Henrik Ling consisted of four branches: military (fencing), medical (physiotherapy), pedagogical (physical education) and aesthetic (dance). For the latter two, the system emphasised floor exercises along with “Swedish bars” (attached …

Boer War: wounded soldiers being escorted off the hospital train at Durban from Ladysmith. Watercolour by F. Dadd, 1899. Wellcome Collection.

Physiotherapy’s First War

The First World War is considered the turning point for the institutionalisation and expansion of the physiotherapy profession. The sheer volume of injured personnel created by the mechanisation of arms, combined with emerging government social …

Students from the Saxony School in the Orthopaedic Gymnasium 1966.

Studying Physiotherapy Behind the Iron Curtain

My vocational training as a physiotherapist in the German Democratic Republic (GDR) offered me my first internship in 1968 at a Saxon Thermal Bath, a leading spa facility in the GDR for rheumatic diseases, specialising …

‘Essays on Massage History 1750 – 1950’: Book Review

As an adjunct health service or a junior partner to medicine, massage has oft lacked respect. So much so, that even its own history has remained poorly understood. Massage needed someone to come along to …

Animal Physiotherapy

Animal physiotherapy began with surprising enthusiasm, supported from its earliest days by none other than Lord Mountbatten (1939). It began to gain recognition and caught the attention of visionary therapists and forward-thinking institutions who believed …

The Seal of King George V

A Royal Charter

The original roots of the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy (CSP) in the United Kingdom date back to the foundation of the Society of Trained Masseuses (STM) in 1894. In 1900, the Society was incorporated by the …

Gymnasium at King's College Hospital, London with female patients and staff. c1900.

Dr Koch’s Emasculation and the Birth of Physiotherapy

The formation of the Society of Trained Masseuses (STM) by four British nurses in 1894 is often opined as the beginning of the physiotherapy profession (Ottoson, 2015). In support, physiotherapy historian and critical thinker Dave …

Executive Half Year Report – June 2025

The Executive Committee met on three occasions by Zoom teleconference in the first half of 2025. During this period we farewelled Ryan McGrath (Australia) and welcomed new member Ken Miller (USA). The current Executive Committee …

Teachers-in-training at the Boston Normal School of Gymnastics practicing the Ling system of gymnastics. Circa 1891-1896.

American Physical Therapy Before the War

The commonly accepted premise of the origins of the physical therapy profession in the United States is that it began in response to the First World War (Hansson & Ottosson, 2015). This understanding has likely …

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